Summary
‘Productivity’ is what a workplace, a business or government agency, an industry, a region or a nation ‘gets’ by way of goods and services for what it ‘puts in’, in terms of labour, capital and other factors of production.
Economists (and others) have long recognized that productivity growth (that is, increases in the level of productivity over time) is the only sustainable source of improvements in a community’s, or a nation’s, material well-being, and that of its citizens in the long run – and that improvements in material well-being can help make possible and sustainable improvements in the non-material aspects of individual, community and national well-being.
In Australia’s case, productivity growth can help us to deal with the challenges of demographic change, to reconcile potential conflicts between environmental constraints on economic growth and widely-held aspirations for further improvements in living standards, and to assist in coping with some of the side-effects of the current ‘resources boom’.
Despite the apparent simplicity of the concept, measuring productivity is in practice a complex business.
Australia’s rate of productivity growth accelerated dramatically during the 1990s, playing a vital role in lifting Australia’s macro- economic performance, and Australian standards of living, during that decade and since.
There has been a no less dramatic deterioration in Australia’s productivity performance over the past decade, with the broadest measure of productivity growth actually having turned negative over the past five years.
However, the consequences of this reversal for Australia’s economic performance, and for Australians’ material living standards, have been obscured by the substantial income gains generated by the rise in our ‘terms of trade’ over the same period, and by our success in weathering global shocks.
Contrary to the view widely held in ‘official’ circles, the slowdown in Australia’s productivity growth rate cannot be largely attributable to sharp declines in the level of productivity in the mining and utilities sectors.
It is instead more likely due to the fading of the effects of previous reforms, and the comparative lack of any new productivity- enhancing reforms since the turn of the century; the increase in productivity-stifling regulation and legislation over the same period; the impact of Australia’s ongoing economic success on the appetite for productivity-enhancing change among governments, businesses and voters; the effect of ‘capacity constraints’ as the Australian economy has approached ‘full employment’; and some apparent slippage (relative to other countries) in Australia’s take- up of productivity-enhancing technologies.
Australia’s economic prospects beyond the end of the current ‘resources boom’ will deteriorate significantly (as they did in the 1970s and 1980s) if the decline in our productivity growth performance is not reversed.
Reversing the decline in Australia’s productivity performance calls for a re-invigorated economic reform effort, improvements to education and training, improved governance of infrastructure investment, and a heightened innovation effort.